Level of programming languages

programming languages are developing day by day, and they are categorized into 5 generations until now

Level of programming languages

All over the world, language is the source of communication among human beings. Different countries have different languages. The Machine (computer) doesn't understand our everyday language. To interact with the computer, we should send instructions in a way the computer is supposed to understand. We use some specific language to communicate and write a program on the computer.
The programming language is a unique language that we communicate with machines and computers. A vocabulary and grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. in another way, There are many programming languages in the world, such as
C, C++, C#, Ada, Pascal, COBOL, Mat lab, Java, Python, Basic, Perl, Python, Ruby, etc. Each language has a unique set of keywords and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.

These languages are classified in level according to their working pattern. They are categorized into two-level.

1) Low-level programming language.

2) High-level programming language.

LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

Low-level languages are closer to machine architecture. Low-level language is called machine-dependent programming language because a program written in one platform cannot be executed in another platform. It provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. Low-level language is tough to understand and program. There are many instruction sets, and a programmer should understand all of those instruction sets and available sets of registers and internal computer architecture.

Low-level programming languages are sometimes divided into the first generation (machine language) and second-generation (assembly language).

1) Machine Language (1^st generation):

Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits (0, 1) that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers.

 

2) Assembly language (2^nd generation):

Machine-level language is very complex as it has to be written in 0's and 1's forms. So there evolved another Programming language to simplify the complexity of programming and is known as Assembly language. Assembly languages are more straightforward than machine languages because 0's and 1's are replaced by short abbreviated English words called mnemonics. ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, HALT, NEG, INC, etc., are examples of mnemonics. It is still slow and Machine dependent.

HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

High-level computer languages give formats close to the English language. The purpose of developing high-level languages is to enable people to write programs quickly and in their own native language environment (English). High-level languages are symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in the high-level language is translated into many machine language instructions, thus showing one-to-many translation. Since high-level language is not understood directly by the Machine, the codes and instruction written in this language are first converted using translators (compiler or interpreter). It is independent of the Machine and fasts, that's why it can be run on any computer.

High-level languages are generally categorized into two primary groups, Procedural language or Third generation language and Problem-oriented language or Fourth generation language. A new member has been added to this level, and this is called Natural language or fifth generation.

1) Procedure Oriented Language (3^rd generation):

It is based on the concept of modularity. The entire program is divided into different modules, consisting of other procedures called functions or subroutines. This language focuses on the procedures to find the problems rather than instructions. It is a general-purpose language. Keywords are used to write more flexible instructions than first and second-generation programming languages.

Example: They are also categorized into two: procedural language(C, COBOL (imperative, but since 2002, object-oriented.), FORTRAN( multi-paradigm, structured, imperative (procedural, object-oriented), generic), ALGOL(imperative, structured programming), PL/I, BASIC, Visual Basic), object-oriented language (Java, JavaScript, C++, C#, Eiffel). C is also called a middle-level language as it is close to a low level, but its basis is built-in, focusing on a high level.

2) Problem-Oriented Language (4^th generation):

Problem-oriented language is also known as application-specific and is used to solve specific problems. This language is result-oriented and lets the user specify what the output should be without describing how data should be manipulated to produce the result. Codes are re-useable, have standard math symbols, are faster than the third-generation language.

Example:Python(functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, meta programming,functional programming or procedural style),Perl,Ruby,Panther,XBase++,MatLab,SQL,PL/SQL,SciLab,Visual Data Flex, XQuery, XVL etc.

3) Natural Language (5^thgeneration):

Natural language is a concept in modern technology in which instructions are given to the computer, similar to how general people use it to communicate.

Example: Prolog, OPS5, Mercury, and Backus's FP.

Happy Coding